The direction of reference was mainly a problem with the items that referred to the whole paper (the (present) study, this/the paper, this/the article, here, this work). One of the coders interpreted them as anaphorically referring to the title – she considered the title as the representation of the whole paper. The other did not include them as they are in a sense exophoric, pointing to the actual printed text. At this point, it is clear that the treatment of the title with different interpretations may lead to substantial differences in the analyses. To resolve this issue here, while reference of items referring to the paper itself will be understood as partly exophoric, these items also co-refer with each other and can in this way establish chains of reference pointing to a single entity. For the present analysis, it is reasonable to regard them as ties of reference. Additional arguments for this approach will come in Chapter 6 of this book, where, in the analysis of longer texts with a number of subsections, the orientation of the reader to various text segments in the co-text (that is, the surrounding textual context) will turn out to be an important aspect of texture.