Non-integral reference items represent a very practical category necessitated by the actual application of the analytical tool. When counting the total number of items, all items need to be accounted for, even those that just happen to be there, but do not form an integral part of the text (hence the name). These may take the form of examples (E1), such as quotations from other texts, or examples from the data (such as most of the sentences in italics in this monograph). While these items may be referred to, they do not point to anywhere in the text, they are merely illustrations. The same can be said about tables, figures and diagrams (E2); when these illustrations are referred to in the text, their titles will represent them as presupposed elements in the analysis.