One of the most prominent areas where this phenomenon emerges is the translation of realia, or culture-specific phenomena, where the translator has to make a decision as to how to convey the message unknown to the target-language readers. In the past decades, a major shift can be observed on the spectrum between the two poles of translation methods, foreignisation and domestication (or sometimes also referred to as exoticism/assimilation, source/target, foreign/familiar, Self/Other, etc. (Ramière 2006), at least in audiovisual translation (AVT), toward the former one (Sereg 2016; Tukhtarova et al. 2021; Espindola & Matielo 2011). Ramière’s translation strategies continuum (Ramière 2006: 156) adequately illustrates the axis with the two poles (Table 1).

 

 

 

Transliteration is the same as Ramière’s transference or borrowing, addition equals explanation, adaptation is coterminous with cultural substitution, also called localisation in other relevant literature (e.g. Davies 2003), and literal translation and direct translation also refer to the same method. Additionally, Mujzer-Varga also includes operations that were omitted in the scale provided by Ramière: transliteration with minor changes (in spelling), partial equivalent (where some part of the realia is kept in its original form, but another part is translated literally, e.g.: Rákóczi út – Rákóczi Road), elimination (or omission in other relevant literature), and generalisation.