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Viktor Bérces: Evidence in Criminal Proceedings
Evidence in Criminal Proceedings
Viktor Bérces
Copyright Page
Foreword
Chapter I. Paradigm shifts in the development of evidence in universal law
Chapter II. Paradigm shifts in the development of evidence in Hungarian law
Chapter III. Basic concepts of evidence
Chapter IV. Principles of evidence
Chapter V. The Anglo-Saxon system of evidence today
Chaper VI. Continental-type evidence systems today
Chapter VII. The material and formal concept of truth • The concept and practical problems of the level of certainty
Chapter VIII. The basic features of the Hungarian evidence system • The means of evidence in general
Chapter IX. Evidence in the preparatory and investigative stages
Chapter X. The possibilities of excluding evidence and the conditions for indictment at the prosecution (intermediate) stage
Chapter XI. Evidence in court proceedings
Chapter XII. The evidentiary features of juridical proceedings in each of the special procedures
Concluding thoughts
Bibliography
Eszköztár
Tartalomjegyzék
Evidence in Criminal Proceedings
Copyright Page
Foreword
Chapter I. Paradigm shifts in the development of evidence in universal law
1.1. The development of ancient Greek law
1.2. The “acquis” of ancient Roman law
1.3. History of the development of Italian law
1.4. History of the development of French law
1.5. The history of the development of Germanic law
1.5.1. The beginnings
1.5.2. The era of feudal law
1.6. The general structure of continental legal systems in Europe (civil age)
1.7. The Anglo-Saxon jurisdictions
1.7.1. English case law
1.7.2. US case law
Chapter II. Paradigm shifts in the development of evidence in Hungarian law
2.1. The primordial society
2.2. Characteristics of the accusatorial evidence procedures (X–XIV c.)
2.3. The rise of the inquisitorial form of procedure in Hungary
2.4. The stages of the trial under Act XXXIII of 1896 (I. Bp.)
2.4.1. Rules of jury trial
2.5. Changes in the regulation of the investigative phase under socialism
2.6. The effects of the regime change and Act XIX of 1998
Chapter III. Basic concepts of evidence
3.1. Levels of interpretation of the concept of proof
3.1.1. Definitions and theories of the concept of proof
3.1.2. Proof as a logical activity
3.1.3. The subject of evidence: the relevant facts
3.1.4. The evidentiary procedure as a specific form of knowledge of the law enforcement authorities
3.1.5. Taxonomic classification of evidence according to the procedural sections
3.2. Procedural system – system of evidence
3.3. A fact to be proved – evidentiary fact – means of proof – act of proof – evidence – relevance – evidential force
3.4. Verification and weighing of evidence
Chapter IV. Principles of evidence
4.1. Concept and classification of the principles of evidence
4.2. Presumption of innocence in evidence
4.3. Objective and subjective criteria of impartiality
4.3.1. Procedural interests of investigating authorities and prosecution services
4.3.2. The impartiality of the courts as a necessary criterion of the proceedings
4.3.3. Ad hoc decisions
4.4. The principle of charge and official proceedings
4.5. The principle of prohibition of self-incrimination
4.6. The in dubio pro reo principle
4.7. Principle of independent assessment of criminal liability
4.8. The principle of “due process” and its sub-principles
4.8.1. The principle of “equality of arms”
4.9. Obligation to complete the taking of evidence within a reasonable time
4.10. The principle of collegiality. Ethics of evidence
4.11. Legality of evidence (the principle of legality)
4.11.1. Prohibitions on evidence
4.11.2. The obligation to respect fundamental rights
4.11.3. The principle of publicity
4.11.4. The principle of immediacy
Chapter V. The Anglo-Saxon system of evidence today
5.1. General features of evidence procedures
5.2. Specialities of the English system
5.2.1. Opening of the investigation phase
5.2.2. Possible ways in which the investigation phase can proceed
5.2.3. The judicial phase
5.2.4. Characteristics of the status of the debtor
5.3. Characteristics of the US evidence system
5.3.1. General features of procedural sections
5.3.2. The testimony of the accused as a means of proof. The privileged role of the “right to remain silent”
5.3.3. Specificities of the patronage function
5.3.4. Prohibitions on evidence
5.3.4.1. Grounds for excluding illegally obtained evidence
5.3.4.2. Interpreting the primary exclusion rules from a case law perspective
5.3.4.3. Interpretation of the secondary exclusion rules in a case-law approach
Chaper VI. Continental-type evidence systems today
6.1. General characteristics of evidence procedures
6.2. The French model
6.3. The Italian model
6.4. The German model
6.4.1. Specificities of the investigative phase under the German Code of Criminal Procedure (Strafprozessordnung, hereafter: StPO)
6.4.2. Characteristics of the status of the debtor
6.4.3. Characteristics of the legal status of the defender under the rules of the StPO
6.4.4. The system of means of evidence under the StPO rules
6.4.5. The intermediate procedure
6.4.6. Rules of court procedure at first instance under the StPO
6.4.7. Specific features of the evidentiary acts at trial
6.5. The Dutch model
6.6. The Serbian model
6.7. Conclusions: ways of resolving the differences between the Anglo-Saxon and continental systems of proof
Chapter VII. The material and formal concept of truth • The concept and practical problems of the level of certainty
7.1. The distinction between truth and certainty
7.1.1. Arguments for formal truth-seeking
7.1.2. The internal conviction of the judge as a prerequisite for certainty
7.2. The level of certainty in Anglo-Saxon legal systems
7.3. The level of certainty in continental legal systems
7.4. International perspective on the degrees of certainty and the specificities of evidence systems
7.5. Cases of incomplete evidence in criminal proceedings
7.6. Cases of excessive evidence in criminal proceedings
7.6.1. Regulatory and practical errors that can lead to excessive evidence
7.7. The phenomenon of under-proofing
7.8. Conclusions
Chapter VIII. The basic features of the Hungarian evidence system • The means of evidence in general
8.1. General features of the Hungarian evidence system
8.2. General rules of witness evidence in Hungarian practice
8.2.1. The system of obstacles to testimony
8.2.2. Issues relating to the examination of particularly protected witnesses
8.3. Guarantees and practical aspects of the accused’s testimony
8.4. Basic principles of expert evidence
8.4.1. The concept and boundaries of expert competence. Content requirements for the expert opinion
8.4.2. The principle of “equality of arms” in the field of expert evidence. The importance of private expert opinions
8.4.3. The effectiveness of expert evidence in Hungarian practice. Summary Opinion of the Jurisprudence Analysis Group of the Curia
8.4.4. On the Hungarian practice of certain specialised expert activities
8.4.5. Summary findings on expert evidence
8.5. The probation officer’s opinion
8.6. The material means of evidence. Doctrinal issues relating to the classification of deeds and documents
8.6.1. Basic documents of documentary evidence. Dogmatic issues
8.7. Electronic data
8.8. Prohibitions on evidence
8.8.1. Rules on the exclusion of judges
8.8.2. Prohibitions on giving evidence
8.8.3. Prohibitions on evidence relating to the testimony of the accused
8.8.4. Prohibitions on expert evidence
8.8.5. Other prohibitions provided by law
8.8.6. Prohibitions on evidence in case-by-case decisions
Chapter IX. Evidence in the preparatory and investigative stages
9.1. About the investigative phase in general
9.1.1. Views on the possibilities of not investigating
9.1.2. Is there evidence at the investigation stage?
9.1.3. The importance of investigative interviews
9.1.4. Expectations regarding the time limit for the investigation
9.2. Terminology issues in relation to the new CPC
9.3. Preparatory procedure: the process of establishing suspicion of a criminal offence
9.4. Investigation I: The detection phase
9.4.1. Handling of denunciations
9.4.2. The hearing of witnesses
9.4.3. Specificities of expert evidence. Private experts and expert advisers
9.4.4. Evidentiary acts during detection I: inspection
9.4.5. Evidentiary acts in the course of detection II: the attempt to prove
9.4.6. Evidentiary acts during detection III: presentation for identification
9.4.7. Data collection methods: open and covert instruments
9.4.7.1. Covert means (CPC)
9.4.7.2. Use of disclosed instruments in criminal proceedings
9.4.7.3. Use of disclosed information and termination of their use
9.4.8. The central procedural act of detection: the interrogation of suspects as the “scene” of incrimination
9.4.9. Closing the detection
9.5. Investigation II: the examining
9.5.1. General characteristics of the examining
9.5.2. Coercive measures restricting personal liberty subject to judicial authorisation as a characteristic of the examining
9.5.3. Evidentiary acts during examining I: on-the-spot interview
9.5.4. Evidentiary acts during examining II: confrontation
9.5.5. Evidentiary acts during examining III: instrumental testimony check
9.6. Special forms of investigation
9.6.1. Investigation in the renewal of a lawsuit
9.6.2. Investigation in juvenile proceedings
9.6.3. Investigation of proceedings against an absent defendant
9.6.4. Investigation in private prosecution
Chapter X. The possibilities of excluding evidence and the conditions for indictment at the prosecution (intermediate) stage
10.1. Introduction
10.1.1. Simplification procedures in general. The simplification procedures that can be used by the prosecutor
10.2. The prospect of a prosecution measure or decision
10.3. General characteristics of the mediation process (mediation)
10.3.1. Considerations on the scope of the procedure
10.3.2. Procedure
10.3.3. The role of the mediator
10.3.4. Content of the agreement. Forms of reparation
10.3.5. Possible procedural consequences of mediation
10.3.6. Literature – criticisms of the procedure
10.4. The conditional suspension of the prosecutor
10.5. The indictment. Who is entitled to prosecute and what are the charging documents?
10.5.1. Conditions for the legality of the accusation
10.5.2. Consequences of the absence of a statutory charge
10.5.3. On prosecution in general. The problem of “prosecutorial certainty”
10.5.4. Legality and unfoundedness of the prosecution’s case
10.5.5. The indictment
10.5.6. Special cases of prosecution I: the prosecutorial phase of the settlement procedure
10.5.7. Special cases of prosecution II: the prosecution phase of the trial
Chapter XI. Evidence in court proceedings
11.1. Preparation of the court proceedings at first instance
11.2. Functions and characteristics of preparatory meetings in litigation
11.2.1. The primary function of the preparatory meeting is to deal with the admission of guilt
11.2.2. Secondary function of the preparatory meeting: procedure in case of non-admission of guilt
11.2.3. Is there evidence at the preparatory meeting?
11.3. About the trial at first instance in general
11.4. The specific principles and framework of evidence at first instance. Criticisms of the current rules
11.4.1. Publicity of evidence as a specific principle of the trial
11.5. Basic rights of trial
11.5.1. General issues relating to the exercise of the right of inquiry. Cross-examination by the court “contra” cross-examination
11.5.2. Nature and content of the right to comment
11.5.3. The right of petition in general. The prominent role of evidentiary motions
11.6. The role of the defender in the trial
11.6.1. Methodological notes – the basics of defensive tactics
11.7. The impact of the rules of trial ethics on evidence
11.8. Evidence in the course of first instance proceedings
11.8.1. Special features of the interrogation of the accused at first instance
11.8.2. Special features of the examination of a witness at first instance
11.8.3. Peculiarities of expert evidence at first instance
11.8.4. The importance of documentary evidence and possible amendment of the charge before the plea
11.9. The importance of trial speeches in evidence
11.9.1. The prosecution’s case (plea)
11.9.2. The defence
11.9.3. Differences between prosecutors’ and lawyers’ closing arguments. Summary
11.10. The practical significance of the reply, rejoinder and right of the last word
11.11. Judicial discretion depending on the outcome of the evidence
11.11.1. Assessment of certain sentencing factors in the reasons for sentencing
11.12. The appeal as the basis for the second instance evidence
11.13. Evidence in appeal proceedings
11.13.1. Cases and interpretation of unfoundedness
11.14. Evidence in repeated proceedings
11.14.1. The retrial at first instance
11.15. Interpretation of “novum” and the particularities of proof in the case of a retrial
11.15.1. Possible directions for the renewal of the lawsuit
11.15.2. Practical problems with the interpretation of the reference to expert opinions as a ground for renewal
11.15.3. The stages of the renewal of a lawsuit
Chapter XII. The evidentiary features of juridical proceedings in each of the special procedures
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Special features of juvenile court proceedings
12.3. Evidentiary issues in military criminal proceedings
12.4. The judicial phase of the trial
12.5. The judicial phase of plea bargaining proceedings
12.6. The procedure for obtaining a summary judgement
12.7. The judicial phase of private prosecutions
12.7.1. Personal interview as a specific case of trial preparation
12.7.2. Special rules governing the trial at first instance
12.8. Substitute private prosecution procedure
12.9. Proceeding against an absent defendant
12.9.1. Proceeding in the absence of a defendant staying abroad
12.10. Theoretical preliminary questions and rules of evidence applicable to the commission of border-related offences
Concluding thoughts
Bibliography
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